Methods of forming memory cells

ABSTRACT

Some embodiments include methods of forming memory cells utilizing various arrangements of conductive lines, electrodes and programmable material; with the programmable material containing high k dielectric material directly against multivalent metal oxide. Some embodiments include arrays of memory cells, with the memory cells including programmable material containing high k dielectric material directly against multivalent metal oxide.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Memory arrays and methods of forming memory cells.

BACKGROUND

Memory is often incorporated into integrated circuitry. The memory may be used, for example, in computer systems for storing data.

Memory may be fabricated as an array of individual memory cells, with each memory cell being configured to retain or store memory in at least two different selectable states. In a binary system, the storage conditions are considered as either a “0” or a “1”.

Individual memory cells might be volatile, semi-volatile, or nonvolatile. Nonvolatile memory cells can store data for extended periods of time, and many types of nonvolatile memory cells can maintain data storage even in the absence of power. In contrast, volatile memory dissipates and is therefore refreshed/rewritten to maintain data storage.

Integrated circuitry fabrication continues to strive to produce smaller and denser integrated circuits. There is a continuing effort to reduce the number of components in individual devices because such can reduce the size of finished constructions, and can simplify processing. The smallest and simplest memory cell will likely be comprised of two conductive electrodes having a programmable material received between them.

Suitable programmable materials have two or more selectable resistive states to enable storing of information by an individual memory cell. The reading of the cell comprises determination of which of the states the programmable material is in, and the writing of information to the cell comprises placing the programmable material in a predetermined resistive state. Some programmable materials retain a resistive state in the absence of refresh, and thus may be incorporated into nonvolatile memory cells.

Programmable materials that are receiving increasing interest are materials containing multiple discrete layers. Example multi-layer programmable materials are dual-layer materials containing two different oxide layers. Such dual-layer materials may be programmed by moving oxygen species (for instance, oxygen ions) within and between the layers of the materials.

The utilization of multi-layer programmable materials can provide advantages in nonvolatile memory applications. For instance, the multi-layer programmable materials may enable specific memory states to be tailored for particular applications. However, although multi-layer programmable materials show promise for utilization in nonvolatile memory architectures, there remain challenges in incorporating such materials into integrated circuitry.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-5 show various views of a portion of a semiconductor wafer construction at various stages of an example embodiment process for forming a memory array.

FIG. 6 is a view of a semiconductor wafer construction at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 5 in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a view of a semiconductor wafer construction at a processing stage alternative to that of FIG. 5 in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIGS. 8-10 show various views of a portion of a semiconductor wafer construction at various stages of an example embodiment process for forming a memory array.

FIGS. 11-15 show various views of a portion of a semiconductor wafer construction at various stages of an example embodiment process for forming a memory array.

FIG. 16 shows various views of a portion of a semiconductor wafer construction at a stage of an example embodiment process for forming a memory array.

FIGS. 17-20 show various views of a portion of a semiconductor wafer construction at various stages of an example embodiment process for forming a memory array.

FIG. 21 is a view of a semiconductor wafer construction at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 20 in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 22 shows various views of a portion of a semiconductor wafer construction at a stage of an example embodiment process for forming a memory array.

FIG. 23 shows various views of a portion of a semiconductor wafer construction at a stage of an example embodiment process for forming a memory array.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

Multi-layer programmable materials may be incorporated into integrated memory as cross-point memory cells, with such memory cells having the programmable material directly between a pair of electrodes.

It is desired to fabricate integrated memory as large arrays of individually-programmable memory cells. There can be numerous challenges associated with the fabrication of such large memory arrays. For instance, there may be challenges in designing appropriate architecture so that an array is highly integrated (i.e., has a small footprint over a supporting semiconductor substrate), while still enabling each individual memory cell to be individually programmed. Also, there may be challenges in designing a fabrication process to have desired high-throughput, low-cost, and low error rate. Many of the embodiments described below are tailored to develop improved methods and architectures for incorporating multi-layer programmable materials into integrated memory.

A first embodiment is described with reference to FIGS. 1-5.

Referring to FIG. 1, such illustrates three views of a semiconductor construction 10. FIG. 1A is a top view of the construction, and FIGS. 1B and 1C are cross-sectional side views along the lines 1B-1B and 1C-1C, respectively.

The construction 10 includes a dielectric material 12 having a pair of trenches 14 and 16 formed therein. The illustrated trenches are parallel to one another, and extend along an axis 1. Electrical interconnects 13 and 15 (e.g., plugs) extend through dielectric material 12 and are exposed at the bottoms of trenches 14 and 16.

Dielectric material 12 may comprise any suitable electrically insulative composition or combination of electrically insulative compositions; and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of one or more of silicon dioxide, various doped silicon oxides (e.g., borophosphosilicate glass, phosphosilicate glass, fluorosilicate glass, etc.), silicon nitride, etc. The dielectric material may be supported over a semiconductor substrate (not shown). The semiconductor substrate may include a semiconductor material (for instance, a monocrystalline silicon material) and various levels of integrated circuitry supported by the semiconductor material. Such integrated circuitry may include, for example, CMOS or other circuitry configured for addressing individual memory cells formed in accordance with the methodologies described herein. The interconnects 13 and 15 may be electrically connected with such addressing circuitry, as diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 1B as an electrical connection to circuitry 7.

Trenches 14 and 16 may be formed with any suitable processing. For instance, the trenches may be formed by providing a photolithographically-patterned mask (not shown) over dielectric material 12, transferring a pattern from the mask into material 12 with one or more etches to form the trenches 14 and 16, and then removing the mask to leave the construction shown in FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 2, construction 10 is shown at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 1. Specifically, conductive lines 18 and 20 are formed within the trenches 14 and 16 (FIG. 1), respectively; with such lines extending along the first axis 1. In the shown embodiment the conductive lines comprise barrier layers 17 along the sidewalls and bottoms of the trenches, electrically conductive cores 19 within the trenches and over the barrier layers, and liners 21 over the cores. The lines 18 and 20 may be formed by conventional damascene processing. The barrier layers 17 may comprise any suitable materials, and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, for example, tantalum/copper or ruthenium/copper. The cores 19 may comprise any suitable materials, or combinations of materials, and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of copper. The liners 21 may comprise any suitable materials or combinations of materials, and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of tantalum nitride or titanium nitride.

The electrically conductive lines 18 and 20 are examples of conductive lines that may be utilized. Any suitable electrically conductive lines may be utilized, including lines which include other materials and configurations besides those specifically shown.

Referring to FIG. 3, a dielectric material 22 is formed across lines 18 and 20, and across the dielectric material 12. The dielectric materials 12 and 22 may be referred to as first and second dielectric materials, respectively, to distinguish such dielectric materials from one another.

The dielectric material 22 may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions, and in some embodiments may comprise one or more of the materials discussed above with reference to the dielectric material 12. The dielectric material 22 may have the same composition as dielectric material 12, or may be compositionally different from dielectric material 12.

Regions of the lines 18 and 20 are shown with dashes in the top view of FIG. 3A to indicate that such regions are beneath dielectric material 22.

A pair of trenches 24 and 26 extend through dielectric material 22 to expose upper surfaces of lines 18 and 20 (specifically, to expose the liner 21 of the lines 18 and 20 in the shown embodiment). The trenches 24 and 26 may be formed by any suitable methodology, including, for example, photolithographic processing analogous to that described above with reference to FIG. 1. The trenches 24 and 26 extend along a second axis 2 which intersects the first axis 1. In the shown embodiment, the second axis 2 is substantially orthogonal to the first axis 1, with the term “substantially orthogonal” meaning that the first and second axes are orthogonal to within tolerances of fabrication and measurement.

Referring to FIG. 4, electrode material 25 is formed at the bottoms of trenches 24 and 26, and directly over conductive lines 18 and 20. The electrode material 25 may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions, and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of platinum. The electrode material 25 may be referred to as a first electrode material to distinguish such electrode material from other electrode materials that are subsequently formed (discussed below).

The electrode material 25 is patterned as spaced-apart segments along the bottoms of trenches 24 and 26, with such segments being only over conductive lines 18 and 20 (as shown in FIG. 4C relative to the segments of material 25 along the bottom of trench 26). Such spaced-apart segments correspond to a plurality of bottom electrodes 28. The electrode material 25 may be formed in the shown configuration utilizing any suitable processing. For instance, the electrode material may be selectively deposited on the conductive material of lines 18 and 20 relative to dielectric material at the bottoms of trenches 24 and 26. Alternatively, the electrode material may be non-selectively deposited across the bottoms of trenches 24 and 26, and then patterned into the desired segments utilizing a sacrificial mask (not shown) and one or more suitable etches.

Programmable material 30 is formed within trenches 24 and 26. Such programmable material comprises two portions; with one of the portions being a high k dielectric material 31, and the other being a multivalent metal oxide material 33 which is directly against the high k dielectric material. The programmable material 30 forms a pair of lines 34 and 36 within the trenches 24 and 26, respectively. Such programmable material lines are spaced apart from one another by regions of dielectric material 22, and extend along the second axis 2. In the shown embodiment the multivalent metal oxide 33 of the programmable material is directly against the bottom electrodes 28.

The multivalent metal oxide 33 may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions, and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of one or more of barium, ruthenium, strontium, titanium, calcium, manganese, praseodymium, lanthanum and samarium. For instance, the multivalent metal oxide may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of calcium manganese oxide doped with one or more of Pr, La, Sr and Sm.

The high k dielectric material 31 may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions, and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of one or more high k oxides. For instance, the high k dielectric material may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an oxide which includes one or more of hafnium, zirconium, yttrium, and aluminum; and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of yttrium-doped zirconium oxide (YZO).

The materials 31 and 33 of the programmable material 30 may be formed to any suitable thicknesses. In some embodiments the multivalent metal oxide material 33 is formed to a thickness of from about 200 angstroms to about 1000 angstroms, and the high k dielectric material 31 is formed to a thickness of less than or equal to about 50 angstroms. Thus, the thickness of the high k dielectric material 31 may be less than or equal to about one-fourth of a thickness of the multivalent metal oxide 33 in some embodiments.

A second electrode material 35 is formed within trenches 24 and 26, and over the programmable material 30. The second electrode material 35 may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions, and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of platinum. The second electrode material forms top electrodes 32 across the programmable material.

The second electrode material 35 forms a pair of lines 38 and 40 that extend along the lines 34 and 36 of programmable material 30, and that are directly against the high k dielectric material 31 of such programmable material.

The programmable material 30 and second electrode material 35 may be formed within trenches 24 and 26 utilizing any suitable processing. For instance, the materials 31, 33 and 35 may be deposited utilizing one or more of atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and physical vapor deposition (PVD); and then the materials 31, 33 and 35 may be patterned to be within the trenches utilizing a sacrificial mask (not shown) and one or more suitable etches and/or polishes.

In the shown embodiment the high k material 31 has a configuration of an upwardly-opening container, and the second electrode material 35 is contained within such container. Such configuration may be achieved by filling lower portions of trenches 24 and 26 with multivalent metal oxide 33 to leave unfilled upper portions of the trenches, lining the upper portions of the trenches with high k dielectric material 31, depositing second electrode material 35 within the lined upper portions of the trenches, and then conducting appropriate masking, etching and/or polishing to achieve the shown configuration.

Referring to FIG. 5, electrically conductive lines 42 and 44 are formed within trenches 24 and 26, respectively. The electrically conductive lines 42 and 44 comprise the same materials 17, 19 and 21 discussed above with reference to lines 18 and 20, and may be formed by a conventional damascene process. Although conductive lines 42 and 44 are shown to comprise the same materials as the conductive lines 18 and 20, in other embodiments conductive lines 42 and 44 may comprise different materials than those of conductive lines 18 and 20. The conductive lines 42 and 44 may be referred to as second conductive lines to distinguish them from the first conductive lines 18 and 20.

Conductive lines 42 and 44 are directly against top electrodes 32, and are also directly against upper portions of high k dielectric material 31 in the shown embodiment. The conductive lines 42 and 44 are formed in the same trenches (24 and 26) as the lines of programmable material 30, and thus are in one-to-one correspondence with the lines of programmable material. Since the conductive lines 42 and 44 are formed within trenches 24 and 26, the conductive lines extend along the axis 2. Thus, the conductive lines 42 and 44 extend along a direction orthogonal to the direction of the conductive lines 18 and 20 in the shown embodiment.

In some embodiments the lines 18 and 20 may be considered to be representative of a first series of lines while the lines 42 and 44 are considered to be representative of a second series of lines. One of the first and second series of lines may correspond to bitlines, while the other corresponds to wordlines. Memory cells 41 are defined at locations where the wordlines and bitlines cross one another, with each memory cell having a bottom electrode 28, a top electrode 32, and programmable material 30 directly between the top and bottom electrodes. The regions of programmable material 30 that are directly between top and bottom electrodes may be referred to as cell regions, while regions of programmable material 30 that are not directly between top and bottom electrodes may be referred to as intervening regions. The cell regions and intervening regions of the programmable material 30 are labeled in FIG. 5C as regions 46 and 48, respectively; and dashed lines 45 are provided to diagrammatically illustrate boundaries between the cell regions and the intervening regions.

The memory cells 41 form a memory array across construction 10. Such memory array may have thousands, millions, or more substantially identical memory cells.

In operation, each of the lines 18, 20, 42 and 44 may be connected to circuitry peripheral to the memory array, and each memory cell of the memory array may be uniquely addressed by the combination of one line from the first series (i.e., one of lines 18 and 20), and one line from the second series (i.e., one of lines 42 and 44). Voltage may thus be applied to individual memory cells to SET or RESET the memory cells. In some embodiments, the programming of programmable material 30 may comprise moving oxygen species within and/or between the layers 31 and 33 to alter electrical resistance of the material.

Some of the compositions suitable for utilization in programmable material 30 correspond to phase change materials. Such compositions can exist in either an amorphous phase or a crystalline phase, with the crystalline phase generally having higher conductivity than the amorphous phase. If phase change materials are utilized for programmable material 30, it may be advantageous to amorphize the programmable material within intervening regions 48 to reduce or eliminate cross-talk between adjacent memory cells. For instance, argon or other suitable dopant may be implanted into the intervening regions 48 to force the programmable material within such intervening regions into an amorphous phase.

In some embodiments, the processing of FIGS. 1-5 may be considered to form one level of a memory array. Such processing may be repeated to form multiple levels stacked one atop another. Thus, the memory may be vertically stacked. This can advantageously enable highly integrated memory to be achieved utilizing the architecture created through the processing of FIGS. 1-5. FIG. 6 shows construction 10 at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 5, and shows four vertically-stacked levels (A, B, C and D) of a memory array. Each level includes memory cells (41 a-d) having a volume of programmable material (30 a-d) between a pair of top and bottom electrodes (the bottom electrodes are 28 a-d, and the top electrodes are 32 a-d). In the shown embodiment, the conductive lines are utilized for programming memory cells above the lines, as well as for programming memory cells below the lines (for instance, line 42 a is utilized for programming a memory cell 41 a beneath the line as well as for programming a memory cell 41 b above the line), and thus the conductive lines are shared between vertically adjacent memory cells.

In some embodiments the configuration of FIG. 6 may be considered to comprise a memory array having vertically-stacked levels of rows and columns. For instance, lines 18 a, 18 b and 18 c may be considered to correspond to three vertically-stacked levels of columns, and lines 42 a, 42 b, 44 a and 44 b may be considered to be arranged in two vertically-stacked levels of rows. In the shown embodiment the columns extend along the axis 1, and the rows extend along the axis 2 which is substantially orthogonal to the axis 1.

The embodiments of FIGS. 1-6 have the electrodes and programmable material of the memory cells as the only components provided at the cross-points between the wordlines and bitlines. In some embodiments it may be advantageous to provide select devices adjacent the memory cells at the cross-points between the wordlines and bitlines. FIG. 7 illustrates an example construction in which select devices 49 are provided between the bottom electrodes 28 and the conductive line 18. Identical numbering is utilized in the embodiment of FIG. 7 as is used in FIGS. 1-6. The only difference between the embodiment of FIG. 7 and the embodiments of FIGS. 1-6 is the inclusion of the select devices 49 in the embodiment of FIG. 7.

Select devices 49 may comprise any suitable configurations, and in some embodiments may be Schottky diodes. Example Schottky diodes may be formed by providing silicon between conductive line 18 and platinum electrodes 28. Provision of such silicon can lead to platinum silicide formation adjacent bottom electrodes 28, and such platinum silicide can function together with materials adjacent thereto as a Schottky diode.

Another embodiment is described with reference to FIGS. 8-10. Identical numbering will be used to describe FIGS. 8-10 as is used above in describing FIGS. 1-7, where appropriate.

FIG. 8 shows construction 10 at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 2, and alternative to that of FIG. 3. Dielectric material 22 is formed over dielectric material 12, and over conductive lines 18 and 20, and is patterned to have a plurality of openings 50-53 provided therein. The openings 50-53 may be formed with photolithographic processing analogous to that described above with reference to FIG. 3 for formation of trenches 24 and 26.

Referring to FIG. 9, memory cells 41 are formed within the openings 50-53. Specifically, first electrode material 25 is deposited at the bottoms of openings 50-53 to form bottom electrodes 28, programmable material 30 is formed within the openings 50-53 over the bottom electrodes, and second electrode material 35 is formed over the programmable material 30 to form top electrodes 32. The programmable material 30 forms pedestals within the openings 50-53.

The bottom electrode material 25, programmable material 30 and second electrode material 35 may be formed within openings 50-53 utilizing any suitable processing. Deposition methods may be utilized, and such deposition methods may be selective, bottom fill or conformal modes. In some embodiments the bottom electrode material may be formed at the bottoms of the openings using one or more of CVD, ALD and PVD; together with appropriate etching and/or masking. Subsequently, materials 31, 33 and 35 may be deposited within the openings 50-53 and across an upper surface of material 22 utilizing one or more ALD, CVD and PVD; and then the materials 31, 33 and 35 may be removed from across the upper surface of material 22 utilizing planarization, such as chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). Alternatively, the materials 31, 33 and 35 may be patterned to be within the openings 50-53 utilizing a sacrificial mask (not shown) and one or more suitable etches.

In the shown embodiment the high k material 31 has a configuration of an upwardly-opening container, and the second electrode material 35 is contained within such container. Such configuration may be achieved by filling lower portions of openings 50-53 with multivalent metal oxide 33 to leave unfilled upper portions of the openings, lining the upper portions of the openings with high k dielectric material 31, depositing second electrode material 35 within the lined upper portions of the openings, and then conducting appropriate masking, etching and/or polishing to achieve the shown configuration.

The bottom electrodes 28 are shown to be directly over the conductive lines 18 and 20. In other embodiments select devices analogous to the devices 49 of FIG. 7 may be formed between the bottom electrodes and the conductive lines.

Referring to FIG. 10, dielectric material 54 is formed over dielectric material 22 and across the memory cells 41. The dielectric materials 12, 22 and 54 may be referred to as first, second and third dielectric materials, respectively, to distinguish such dielectric materials from one another.

Trenches 56 and 58 are formed through dielectric material 54 to expose upper regions of memory cells 41, and subsequently electrically conductive lines 60 and 62 are formed within such trenches. The electrically conductive lines comprise the materials 17, 19 and 21 discussed above with reference to the lines 18 and 20 of FIG. 2, and may be formed by a damascene process analogous to that discussed above with reference to the fabrication of lines 18 and 20. The memory cells 41 are shown in dashed line in the top view of FIG. 10A to indicate that such memory cells are beneath the lines 60 and 62.

In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the electrically conductive lines 60 and 62 directly contact top electrodes 32 of the memory cells 41, and also directly contact the high k dielectric material 31.

The conductive lines 60 and 62 extend along the axis 2, while the conductive lines 18 and 20 extend along the axis 1. The memory cells 41 are at cross-points where lines 60 and 62 cross lines 18 and 20. The lines 18 and 20 may be considered to be representative of a first series of lines while the lines 60 and 62 are considered to be representative of a second series of lines. Each memory cell is uniquely addressed by the combination of a line from the first series and a line from the second series. The memory cells may thus be configured as a memory array. In some embodiments, memory arrays of the type shown in FIG. 10 may be stacked across numerous vertical levels analogously to the stacking described above with reference to FIG. 6.

Another embodiment is described with reference to FIGS. 11-15. Identical numbering will be used to describe FIGS. 11-15 as is used above in describing FIGS. 1-10, where appropriate.

FIG. 11 shows construction 10 at a processing stage analogous to that of FIG. 8. Openings 50-53 have been formed in dielectric material 22. Conductive material pillars 70-73 are formed within the openings 50-53, respectively. The pillars comprise bottom electrode material 25 over conductive material 74.

The conductive material 74 may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions, and in some embodiments may comprise metal (for instance, tungsten, titanium, etc.), metal-containing substances (for instance, metal nitrides, metal silicides, etc.) and/or conductively-doped semiconductor materials (for instance, conductively-doped silicon, conductively-doped germanium, etc.). Although material 74 is shown to be homogeneous, in other embodiments the conductive material may comprise multiple discrete layers.

The electrode material 25 forms bottom electrodes 28 within openings 50-53, with such bottom electrodes being caps at the tops of the pillars 70-73. The top view of FIG. 11A shows that multiple pillars are associated with each of the conductive lines 18 and 20, or in other words that the pillars are in a many-to-one relationship relative to each of the conductive lines. The formation of the bottom electrodes 28 within openings 50-53 thus enables multiple spaced-apart electrodes to be formed across each of the conductive lines 18 and 20.

The construction of FIG. 11 may be fabricated by any suitable method. For instance, conductive material 74 may be initially deposited within openings 50-53 to partially fill such openings, and subsequently electrode material 25 may be deposited within the partially filled openings to overfill the openings. Subsequently, CMP may be utilized to remove excess material 25 from over dielectric material 22. The CMP may form the shown substantially planar upper surface 75 extending across pillars 70-73, and across dielectric material 22.

Referring to FIG. 12, an expanse of programmable material 30 is formed across surface 75, and an expanse of top electrode material 35 is formed over the programmable material. The expanses of programmable material 30 and top electrode material 35 extend entirely across the upper surface of construction 10, and thus extend across all of the pillars 70-73.

In the shown embodiment the programmable material 30 is formed conformally over the substantially planar upper surface 75, and thus the programmable material forms a substantially planar expanse across surface 75. Similarly, top electrode material 35 forms a substantially planar expanse across programmable material 30.

Referring to FIG. 13, electrically conductive hard mask material 76 is formed over top electrode material 35. In the shown embodiment the hard mask material has been patterned into a pair of lines 78 and 80 that extend along the second axis 2, and thus orthogonally to the lines 18 and 20. The hard mask material may be deposited and patterned utilizing any suitable methodology. For instance, an expanse of the hard mask material may be deposited across an upper surface of top electrode material 35 utilizing one or more of ALD, CVD and PVD, and subsequently such expanse may be patterned utilizing a photolithographically-formed photoresist mask (not shown) and one or more suitable etches. The hard mask material 75 may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions; and in some embodiments may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of one or more of carbon, various metals, metal-containing compositions, and conductively-doped semiconductor materials. In some embodiments the material 75 may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of tungsten.

Referring to FIG. 14, a pattern of the patterned hardmask material 76 is transferred into underlying top electrode material 35 with one or more suitable etches. Such patterns the top electrode material into lines extending across pillars 70-73, and orthogonally relative to lines 18 and 20.

Memory cells 41 are defined at locations where the upper electrode material 35 crosses bottom electrodes 28. The regions of programmable material 30 that are within such memory cells (i.e., the regions of material 30 that are directly between top electrode material 35 and the bottom electrodes 28) corresponds to cell regions 46, while regions of material 30 that are not directly between the top electrode material and the bottom electrodes are intervening regions. Dashed lines 45 are provided to diagrammatically illustrate boundaries between the cell regions and the intervening regions.

If programmable material 30 comprises phase change materials, it may be advantageous to amorphize the programmable material within intervening regions 48 to reduce or eliminate cross-talk between adjacent memory cells. Such amorphization may be conducted with methodology analogous to that discussed above with reference to FIG. 5.

Referring to FIG. 15, dielectric material 82 is formed over programmable material 30 and lines 78 and 80. The dielectric materials 12, 22 and 82 may be referred to as first, second and third dielectric materials, respectively, to distinguish such dielectric materials from one another.

Dielectric material 82 may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions. Although material 82 is shown to be a single homogeneous layer, in some embodiments material 82 may comprise multiple discrete layers. For instance, a thin dielectric layer may be formed over the upper surface of programmable material 30, and then a thicker dielectric layer may be formed over the thin layer to create a dielectric mass having the shown thickness of material 82.

Trenches 84 and 86 are formed through dielectric material 84 to expose upper surfaces of lines 78 and 80, and subsequently electrically conductive lines 88 and 90 are formed within such trenches. The electrically conductive lines comprise the materials 17, 19 and 21 discussed above with reference to the lines 18 and 20 of FIG. 2, and may be formed by a damascene process analogous to that discussed above with reference to the fabrication of lines 18 and 20.

In some embodiments the lines 18 and 20 may be considered representative of a first series of lines while the lines 88 and 90 are representative of a second series of lines. Each memory cell 41 is uniquely addressed by the combination of a line from the first series and a line from the second series. The memory cells may thus be configured as a memory array.

The embodiment of FIGS. 11-15 has conductive material 74 formed within openings 70-73 prior to formation of the bottom electrodes 28, and thus the bottom electrodes are spaced from conductive lines 18 and 20 by intervening material 74. In other embodiments the bottom electrodes may be formed directly on conductive lines 18 and 20. For instance, FIG. 16 shows construction 10 in accordance with an embodiment analogous to that of FIG. 15, but in which bottom electrodes 28 have been formed directly against the conductive lines 18 and 20. In the shown embodiment of FIG. 16, the dielectric material 22 is much thinner than in the embodiment of FIG. 15 so that the bottom electrodes 28 may be about the same thickness in both the embodiment of FIG. 15 and that of FIG. 16. Although it can be desired to keep the bottom electrodes thin (for instance, less than or equal to about 50 angstroms) due to the relatively expensive materials that may be preferred for such electrodes (for instance, platinum), there may be applications in which thicker bottom electrodes are desired.

Another embodiment is described with reference to FIGS. 17-20. Identical numbering will be used to describe FIGS. 17-20 as is used above in describing FIGS. 1-16, where appropriate.

FIG. 17 shows construction 10 at a processing stage analogous to that of FIG. 8. Openings 50-53 have been formed in dielectric material 22, and memory cell plugs 110-113 have been formed within the openings 50-53, respectively. The memory cell plugs comprise multivalent metal oxide 33 over bottom electrodes 28, with such electrodes comprising the electrode material 25.

The construction of FIG. 17 may be fabricated by any suitable method. For instance, electrode material 25 may be deposited at the bottoms of the openings 50-53 to partially fill the openings, and subsequently material 33 may be deposited within the partially filled openings. If material 33 overfills the openings, CMP may be utilized to remove excess material 33 from over dielectric material 22. The CMP may form the shown substantially planar upper surface 91 extending across dielectric material 22 and across the plugs 110-113.

Referring to FIG. 18, an expanse of high k dielectric material 31 is formed across surface 91, and a dielectric mass 92 is formed over the high k dielectric material.

The expanse of high k dielectric material extends entirely across the upper surface of construction 10, and thus extends across all of the plugs 110-113.

In the shown embodiment the high k dielectric material 31 is formed conformally over the substantially planar upper surface 91, and thus such programmable material forms a substantially planar expanse across surface 91.

The high k dielectric material 31, together with the multivalent metal oxide 33, forms regions of programmable material 30 over the bottom electrodes 28.

The dielectric mass 92 is shown to comprise a relatively thin lower portion comprising a material 94, and a relatively thick upper portion comprising a material 96. The bifurcation of dielectric mass 92 between two portions can be of benefit in a subsequent etch, as described below with reference to FIG. 19.

The material 94 may comprise a low k dielectric film, such as, for example, a film containing silicon, carbon and nitrogen. The material 94 may be formed to any suitable thickness, and in some embodiments may have a thickness of less than about 100 angstroms, less than about 50 angstroms, or even less than about 30 angstroms.

The material 96 may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions, and may, for example, comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of one or more of silicon dioxide, doped silicon oxide, silicon nitride, etc. The material 96 may be formed to any suitable thickness, and in some embodiments may be formed to a thickness within a range of from about 200 angstroms to about 1500 angstroms.

In some embodiments the thin material 94 may be referred to as a protective layer, and the thick material 96 may be referred to as thick dielectric formed over the protective layer.

Referring to FIG. 19, trenches 98 and 100 are formed through dielectric mass 92 to expose upper an upper surface of high k dielectric material 31. Trenches 98 and 100 may be formed with any suitable processing. In some embodiments, a photolithographically-formed mask (not shown) may be provided over mass 92 to define locations of the trenches, and the trenches may then be etched into mass 92 with a two-step process. Specifically, an aggressive first etch may be utilized to rapidly etch through the thick material 96 of mass 92, and then a less aggressive second etch may be utilized to punch through the thin material 94. It may be desired to use a less aggressive etch for exposing the upper surface of material 31 in order to avoid damaging such upper surface.

Referring to FIG. 20, top electrode material 35 is formed at the bottoms of trenches 98 and 100, and subsequently conductive lines 102 and 104 are formed over the top electrode material. The conductive lines 102 and 104 comprise the same materials 17, 19 and 21 discussed above with reference to FIG. 2 as being incorporated into lines 18 and 20, and may be formed with a damascene process analogous to that discussed above with reference to FIG. 2.

The conductive lines 102 and 104 extend along the axis 2, while the conductive lines 18 and 20 extend along the axis 1. Memory cells 41 are at cross-points where lines 102 and 104 cross lines 18 and 20. The lines 18 and 20 may be considered representative of a first series of lines while the lines 102 and 104 are representative of a second series of lines. Each memory cell is uniquely addressed by the combination of a line from the first series and a line from the second series. The memory cells may thus be configured as a memory array.

In some embodiments, memory arrays of the type shown in FIG. 20 may be stacked across numerous vertical levels analogously to the stacking described above with reference to FIG. 6. FIG. 21 shows construction 10 at a processing stage subsequent to that of FIG. 20, and shows two levels (A and B) of a memory array. Each level includes a volume of programmable material (30 a and 30 b) between a pair of top and bottom electrodes (the bottom electrodes are 28 a and 28 b, and the top electrodes are 32 a and 32 b). Each level also includes lower conductive lines extending along axis 1 (the lower conductive lines are 18 a and 18 b), and upper conductive lines extending along the axis 2 (the upper conductive lines are lines 102 a, 104 a, 102 b and 104 b). Dielectric material 130 is utilized to separate the levels from one another, and dielectric material 132 is utilized to separate level B from other circuitry (not shown) that may be subsequently formed over level B.

In some embodiments the configuration of FIG. 21 may be considered to comprise a memory array having vertically-stacked levels of rows and columns. For instance, lines 18 a and 18 b may be considered to correspond to two vertically-stacked levels of columns, and lines 102 a, 102 b, 104 a and 104 b may be considered to correspond to two vertically-stacked levels of rows. The rows and columns may be utilized for uniquely addressing every memory cell in the array.

Another embodiment is described with reference to FIG. 22. Identical numbering will be used to describe FIG. 22 as is used above in describing FIGS. 1-21, where appropriate.

FIG. 22 shows a construction 200 comprising a memory array. The memory array has two vertical levels A and B (FIGS. 22B and 22C) which are of inverted orientation relative to one another. Specifically, level A is configured around a dual-layer programmable material 30 a having a high k dielectric material (31 a) over a multivalent material (33 a), while level B is configured around a dual-layer programmable material 30 b having a high k dielectric material (31 b) under a multivalent material (33 b).

The programmable material 30 a is sandwiched between electrodes 28 a and electrodes 32 a in level A to form a plurality of memory cells 41 a; and similarly the programmable material 30 b is sandwiched between electrodes 28 b and electrodes 32 b in level B to form a plurality of memory cells 41 b.

Construction 200 includes column lines 18 and 20 electrically connected to the electrodes 28, and extending along axis 1. Specifically vertical level A has lines 18 a and 20 a connected to electrodes 28 a, and vertical level B has lines 18 b and 20 b connected to electrodes 28 b.

Construction 200 also includes row lines 202 and 204 electrically connected to the electrodes 32 a and 32 b. In the shown embodiment a single set of row lines is shared between the vertical levels A and B.

The row lines and column lines of FIG. 22 may be utilized for uniquely addressing every memory cell in the array.

In the shown embodiment, the lines 202 and 204 connect with electrodes 32 a through electrically conductive pillars 206 that comprise two different materials 208 and 210. The bottom material 210 may correspond to patterned hard mask material analogous to the material 76 described above with reference to FIG. 13. The upper material 208 may be any suitable electrically conductive material, including, for example, one or more of various metals (for instance, tungsten, titanium, etc.), metal-containing compositions, and conductively-doped semiconductor materials.

The lines 202 and 204 connect with electrodes 32 b through electrically conductive pillars 212. The pillars 212 may comprise any suitable electrically conductive material or combination of materials, and may, for example, comprise one or more of various metals, metal-containing compositions, and conductively-doped semiconductor materials.

In the shown embodiment, electrodes 28 a are shown to be directly against conductive lines 18 a and 20 a of level A, and electrodes 28 b are shown to be electrically connected to conductive lines 18 b and 20 b of level B through electrically conductive interconnects 214. Such interconnects may comprise any suitable electrically conductive material or combination of materials, and may, for example, comprise one or more of various metals, metal-containing compositions, and conductively-doped semiconductor materials. Although interconnects 214 are utilized for connecting the electrodes 28 a to conductive lines at level B and not for connecting electrodes 28 a to the lines at level A in the shown embodiment, in other embodiments the conductive interconnects may be omitted from level B, added to level A, or utilized in any other suitable configuration.

Numerous dielectric materials 220, 222, 224, 226, 228 and 230 are shown utilized in construction 200 for providing electrical isolation between various components. Such dielectric materials may comprise any suitable compositions or combinations of compositions, including, for example, one or more of silicon dioxide, various doped oxides, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, etc. Although the adjacent dielectric materials are shown to be distinguishable from one another in the diagrams of FIGS. 22B and 22C, such is for illustrative purposes only. In practice the adjacent dielectric materials may have a same composition as one another, and may thus merge so that there are no distinguishable boundaries between them.

The programmable materials 30 a and 30 b are expanses extending across numerous memory cells. If such programmable materials comprise phase change materials, it may be advantageous to amorphize the programmable material within intervening regions between the memory cells to reduce or eliminate cross-talk between adjacent memory cells. Such amorphization may be conducted with an amorphizing implant utilizing methodology analogous to that discussed above with reference to FIG. 5.

Construction 200 may be fabricated with any suitable methodology, including methodology utilizing various techniques of the types described above with reference to FIGS. 1-21.

An example method for forming construction 200 is as follows. Initially, first conductive lines 18 a and 20 a are formed to extend along the first axis 1. The electrode material 25 is then formed along the lines 18 a and 20 a to form the electrodes 28 a. The expanse of programmable material 30 a is then formed over and in direct contact with the electrodes 28 a. Electrode material 35 and patterned electrically conductive hard mask material 210 are formed over the programmable material, and the hard mask material is utilized to pattern electrodes 32 a from the material 35. Electrically conductive structures are then formed over the electrically conductive hard mask material 210; with the electrically conductive structures including the pedestals 208, the conductive lines 202 and 204, the pedestals 212, and the electrodes 32 b atop the pedestals 212. The expanse of programmable material 30 b is formed over and in direct contact with the electrodes 32 b, and the electrodes 28 b are formed over and directly against the programmable material 30 b. Finally, the pedestals 214 are formed over electrodes 28 b, and the conductive lines 18 b and 20 b are formed over the pedestals 214.

Another embodiment is described with reference to FIG. 23. The embodiment of FIG. 23 is similar to that of FIG. 22, and identical numbering will be used to describe FIG. 23 as is used above in describing FIG. 22, where appropriate.

FIG. 23 shows a construction 300 comprising a memory array. The memory array has two vertical levels A and B (FIGS. 23B and 23C) which are of inverted orientation relative to one another. Specifically, level A is configured around the dual-layer programmable material 30 a having a high k dielectric material (31 a) over a multivalent material (33 a), while level B is configured around the dual-layer programmable material 30 b having a high k dielectric material (31 b) under a multivalent material (33 b).

Construction 300 includes the lines 18 a, 18 b, 20 a, 20 b, 202 and 204 discussed above with reference to FIG. 22. Like the embodiment of FIG. 22, the construction of FIG. 23 has lines 18 a and 20 a directly adjacent electrodes 28 a, and has lines 18 b and 20 b connected to electrodes 28 b through conductive interconnects 214. Construction 300 differs from the embodiment of FIG. 22 in that construction 300 has the lines 202 and 204 electrically connected to electrodes 32 a through single interconnects 302, and has the lines 202 and 204 directly adjacent to the electrodes 32 b.

The interconnects 302 may correspond to patterned hard mask material analogous to the material 76 described above with reference to FIG. 13.

The electrodes 32 b are formed in a dielectric material 314 (FIG. 23B) that may be identical to the material 94 discussed above with reference to FIG. 18.

Construction 300 is shown to comprise numerous dielectric materials 310, 312, 314, 316 and 318 for providing electrical isolation between various components. Such dielectric materials may comprise any suitable compositions or combinations of compositions, including, for example, one or more of silicon dioxide, various doped oxides, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, etc.

Construction 300 may be fabricated with any suitable methodology, including methodology utilizing various techniques of the types described above with reference to FIGS. 1-22.

The embodiments discussed above may be utilized to form memory arrays suitable for incorporation into integrated circuitry. Such integrated circuitry may be utilized in any of a wide variety of electronic systems; including, for example, computers, cars, airplanes, clocks, cellular phones, etc.

The particular orientation of the various embodiments in the drawings is for illustrative purposes only, and the embodiments may be rotated relative to the shown orientations in some applications. The description provided herein, and the claims that follow, pertain to any structures that have the described relationships between various features, regardless of whether the structures are in the particular orientation of the drawings, or are rotated relative to such orientation.

The cross-sectional views of the accompanying illustrations only show features within the planes of the cross-sections, and do not show materials behind the planes of the cross-sections in order to simplify the drawings.

When a structure is referred to above as being “on ” or “against” another structure, it can be directly on the other structure or intervening structures may also be present. In contrast, when a structure is referred to as being “directly on” or “directly against” another structure, there are no intervening structures present. When a structure is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another structure, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other structure, or intervening structures may be present. In contrast, when a structure is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another structure, there are no intervening structures present.

In compliance with the statute, the subject matter disclosed herein has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the claims are not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise example embodiments. The claims are thus to be afforded full scope as literally worded, and to be appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents. 

We claim:
 1. A method of forming a plurality of memory cells, comprising: forming spaced-apart conductive lines extending along a first axis; forming spaced-apart lines of programmable material over the conductive lines and extending along a second axis which intersects the first axis; the programmable material comprising high k dielectric material directly against multivalent metal oxide; and wherein: the conductive lines are formed in first trenches in a first dielectric material; a second dielectric material is formed over the first dielectric material and the conductive lines; multiple second trenches are formed through the second dielectric material to expose regions of the conductive lines; spaced-apart bottom electrodes are formed within the second trenches and directly over the conductive lines; and the lines of programmable material are formed within the second trenches over the spaced-apart bottom electrodes.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein: the high k dielectric material is formed within upper regions of the second trenches in a configuration which comprises upwardly-opening containers; and top electrode material is formed within the upwardly-opening containers of the high k dielectric material.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the multivalent oxide is formed directly against the bottom electrode material.
 4. The method of claim 2 further comprising: forming select devices over the conductive line; forming the bottom electrodes over the select devices; and forming the programmable memory material over the bottom electrodes.
 5. A method of forming a plurality of memory cells, comprising: forming spaced-apart conductive lines extending along a first axis; forming spaced-apart lines of programmable material over the conductive lines and extending along a second axis which intersects the first axis; the programmable material comprising high k dielectric material directly against multivalent metal oxide; wherein the conductive lines are first conductive lines within a first level of columns, and wherein the lines of programmable material are first lines of programmable material, and further comprising; forming a plurality of second conductive lines in one-to-one corresponding with the first lines of programmable material and extending along the second axis, the second conductive lines and the first lines of programmable material together being within a first level of rows that extends along the second axis; forming a second level of columns over the first level of rows, the second level of columns comprised third conductive lines extending along the first axis; and forming a second level of rows over the second level of columns; the second level of rows extending along the second axis, and comprising second lines of programmable material together with fourth conductive lines; the second lines of programmable material comprising high k dielectric material directly against multivalent metal oxide; the fourth conductive lines being electrically coupled to the second lines of programmable material through top electrode material that directly contacts the fourth conductive lines and directly contacts the high k dielectric material of the second lines of programmable material.
 6. A method of forming a plurality of memory cells, comprising: forming first conductive lines within first trenches in a first dielectric material; the first trenches extending along a first axis; forming second dielectric material over the first dielectric material, and patterning the second dielectric material to have openings extending therethrough to the first conductive lines; forming memory cells within the openings, each of the memory cells comprising programmable material sandwiched between top and bottom electrodes; the programmable material comprising a high k dielectric portion directly against a multivalent metal oxide portion; forming a third dielectric material over the second dielectric material and patterning the third dielectric material to have second trenches over the memory cells, the second trenches extending along a second axis which intersects the first axis; and forming second conductive lines within the second trenches.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the high k dielectric portion forms upwardly-opening containers, and wherein the top electrodes are within the upwardly-opening containers.
 8. A method of forming a plurality of memory cells, comprising: forming first conductive lines extending along a first axis; forming spaced-apart bottom electrodes along each of the conductive lines; forming programmable material over and in direct contact with the bottom electrodes; the programmable material comprising a high k dielectric portion directly against a multivalent metal oxide portion; forming top electrode material over and directly against the high k dielectric portion of the programmable material; forming patterned electrically conductive hard mask material over the top electrode material; the patterned hard mask material comprising masking lines extending along a second axis which is substantially perpendicular to the first axis; transferring a pattern from the patterned electrically conductive hard mask material into the top electrode material to pattern the top electrode material into lines; the programmable material comprising cell regions directly between top electrode material lines and bottom the electrodes, and comprising intervening regions between the cell regions; and forming second conductive lines directly over the masking lines, the second conductive lines extending along the second axis.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the programmable material is formed to be a planar expanse extending across multiple of the first conductive lines.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the multivalent metal oxide exists in either a crystalline phase or an amorphous phase, with the crystalline phase being more electrically conductive than the amorphous phase; and further comprising conducting an amorphizing implant into the multivalent metal oxide of the intervening regions of the programmable material.
 11. The method of claim 8 further comprising forming conductive material pillars over and in direct contact with the first conductive lines; the conductive material pillars being in many-to-one correspondence with the first conductive lines; the conductive pillars having lower regions of a first electrically conductive material, and having the bottom electrodes over said lower regions.
 12. A method of forming a plurality of memory cells, comprising: forming a first conductive line within a first trench in a first dielectric material; the first trench extending along a first axis; forming second dielectric material over the first dielectric material, and patterning the second dielectric material to have openings extending therethrough to the first conductive line; forming bottom electrode material along bottoms of the openings: forming multivalent metal oxide within the openings over the bottom electrode material, the multivalent metal oxide and bottom electrode material together forming a plurality of memory cell plugs; forming an expanse of high k dielectric material that extends across the memory cell plugs; forming a protective layer over the high k dielectric material; forming a third dielectric material over the protective layer and patterning the third dielectric material to have second trenches over the protective layer, the second trenches extending along a second axis which intersects the first axis; extending the second trenches through the protective layer to an upper surface of the high k dielectric material; forming top electrode material within bottoms of the second trenches; and forming second conductive lines over the top electrode material within the second trenches.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the protective material comprises a low k dielectric film.
 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the protective material comprises silicon, carbon and nitrogen.
 15. A method of forming a plurality of memory cells, comprising: forming a first conductive line extending along a first axis; forming first electrode material along the first conductive line; forming an expanse of first programmable material over and in direct contact with the first electrode material; the first programmable material comprising a first high k dielectric portion over and directly against a first multivalent metal oxide portion; forming second electrode material over the first programmable material; forming patterned electrically conductive hard mask material over the second electrode material; the patterned hard mask material comprising spaced-apart masking features; transferring a pattern from the patterned electrically conductive hard mask material into the second electrode material; the patterned second electrode material comprising spaced-apart segments; the first programmable material comprising first cell regions directly beneath the second electrode material segments, and comprising first intervening regions between the first cell regions; forming electrically conductive structures over the masking features of the electrically conductive hard mask material; the electrically conductive structures including second conductive lines that extend along a second axis which is substantially perpendicular to the first axis; the electrically conductive structures having upper pedestals, the upper pedestals having caps corresponding to third electrodes; forming an expanse of second programmable material over and in direct contact with the third electrode caps; the second programmable material comprising a second multivalent metal oxide portion over and directly against a second high k dielectric portion; forming fourth electrodes over and directly against the second programmable material; the second programmable material comprising second cell regions directly beneath the fourth electrodes, and comprising second intervening regions between the second cell regions, and forming a third conductive line extending across the fourth electrodes.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the electrically conductive structures have lower pedestals directly over the masking features of the electrically conductive hard mask material.
 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising forming additional pedestals over and directly against the fourth electrodes; and wherein the third conductive line is over and directly against said additional pedestals.
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the first and second multivalent metal oxides exist in either crystalline or amorphous phases; and further comprising conducting an amorphizing implant into the multivalent metal oxides of the first and second intervening regions. 